The net water person has the most complete knowledge of water purification in history!
1. What is a water home improvement? Water home improvement is to design and configure relevant water treatment equipment in the proper position of the user's water supply pipeline according to the water quality of the home: soft water machine, pure water machine, water purifier, precision filter, faucet, etc., to enhance the living and drinking water at home. The quality of domestic water reaches the four modernizations of household drinking water: “health, convenience, automation, fashion†2. How does the water home work? Water purifier principle: microfiltration, ultrafiltration. Materials used: hollow fibers, activated carbon, etc. as filtration or adsorption materials. Pure water machine principle: RO reverse osmosis technology. Microporous filtration, with pores as small as minerals below the diameter of water molecules and water molecules can pass. Water softener principle: cation resin exchange. In the water softener, the sodium ions adsorbed on the resin displace the calcium and magnesium ions in the water, and the water containing the sodium ions flows out to become "soft water" until all the resin surfaces are occupied by calcium and magnesium ions, and ion exchange can no longer be performed. 3. What are the conditions for quality drinking water? 1 The water is free of bacteria, impurities, organic matter, heavy metals, etc., and is pollution-free water; 2 small molecule group water, strong penetration, good solubility, the general water molecule group: about 18 to 20 water molecules, while the small water molecule water (about 5 water molecules) arranged more neatly, the oxygen content The higher 3 water contains an appropriate proportion of minerals and trace elements, and exists in an ionic state, suitable for human absorption; 4PH is weakly alkaline and can neutralize excess acid in human body; 5 negative potential, can eliminate excess free radicals in the human body; 6 contains the right amount of oxygen (about 5mg / L) 4. Why do we use water home decoration? Tap water has been the main source of drinking water for urban residents for decades. However, due to the different levels of water pollution in recent years, and the city’s water supply pipeline has been in disrepair for a long time, it has increased the chance of secondary pollution of tap water. In addition, tap water is disinfected. At the same time, a large amount of chlorine gas and chlorine bleaching powder are used, and they also bring about the chlorination of various organic substances by free chlorine, including chlorine-containing dioxins. These toxic chlorine-containing substances are not easily decomposed even at high temperatures, which seriously endangers human health. 5. When I need drinking water, I can boil the water. Why do I need a water purifier? Boiled water and kept at 100 degrees Celsius for fifteen to twenty minutes can indeed kill harmful intestinal pathogens and viruses, but boiling the water does not effectively reduce the chlorine that affects the taste of the water. Just boiled water can not remove the sediment, sediment, organic matter and heavy metals that may be contained in the water, and can not significantly remove pesticides, pesticides, synthetic detergents. Another downside of boiled water is that you can't drink clean, sweet, and cold water right away. 6. What is soft water and hard water? The hardness of water is a reflection of the content of calcium and magnesium ions, measured in degrees, 1 degree = 18 mg / L. Water below 8 degrees is soft water, water at 8-25 degrees is hard water, and water above 25 degrees is called hard water. Hard water is not easy to drink, and it is not easy to use as domestic water (can damage coffee machines, ice machines, boilers, etc., and also works with washing powder). 7. Advantages of small molecule water? The small molecular chain is cut into small molecular groups, which have strong penetrating power and can quickly enter and exit the cells to promote the body's metabolism. 8. What are the impurities usually contained in tap water? 1 suspension, colloid, sediment, algae, bacteria, viruses, microorganisms, organic matter, water alkali, and so on. 2 colloid: humic (can make water discoloration). 3 lysate: various salts. 4 heavy metals: lead, mercury, arsenic, etc. 9. What should be paid attention to when customers choose water home decoration? Water home improvement is a systematic project, it is best to consider it when designing the decoration, because for the sake of beauty, these equipments are generally hidden in the cabinet, so customers should choose large manufacturers with design strength home water treatment equipment. 10. What are the necessary conditions for installing a water softener? The installation of the water softener is usually installed behind the household water meter. Because the installation of the water softener requires power supply and floor drain, the sewer pipeline should be treated and the power line reserved in the vicinity of the total water inlet. In the design stage, the soft water machine should be considered. The relationship between size and housing structure and furniture appliances. If the conditions are met, it can be installed smoothly. If the house has been renovated and you need to install a water softener, it depends on the existing conditions in the home. If necessary, you need to do some pipe modification. Daily Encyclopedia | Water Purification Knowledge: The knowledge of water purification in a clean water person's hand is the most complete in history! Water purification equipment product knowledge 11. How to choose a water softener? The choice of water softener is mainly based on the water quality (water alkali, hardness) and water consumption in your home. Generally consider the use of population, housing area, water hardness, water consumption and so on. When the water quality is high and the water consumption is large, a large model of water softener should be selected. On the other hand, if the water quality in the home is good and the water consumption is not very large, a small soft water machine can be used, and even it can be placed in the cabinet without occupying the use area. 12. How to choose a household water purifier? The structure of the household water purifier is roughly classified into a coarse filter, an activated carbon adsorption, an ion exchange resin, a hollow fiber, and a reverse osmosis membrane. To purchase an ideal and practical water purifier, consider the following aspects: 1 Buy brand-name products. Users must understand the importance of product quality when purchasing a water purifier. The manufacturer of the water purifier must obtain the sanitation license from the higher-level health supervision department, and be appraised by the technical supervision department, in line with the national “Standard for Drinking Water Qualityâ€. 2 purchase performance and price ratio is high. The water purifier has a different structure and the water purification effect is different. Generally speaking, the first-stage filter water purifier has a simple structure, mainly activated carbon, and has a limited filtering capacity, and can only be used as a coarse filtration, and the filtered water is preferably heated and boiled for drinking. Most of the primary filter water purifiers are low-grade water purification products, each of which sells for between a dozen yuan and 150 yuan. Multi-stage filtration water purifier. The water purifier has two or three stages of coarse filtration and one set of fine filtration, and the fine filtration adopts a hollow fiber filter core, and the filtered water can be directly consumed. The multi-stage filter water purifier is a mid-range water purification product. Each unit is priced between 1,000 yuan and 2,000 yuan. It can be accepted by the working class and is currently used by the family. The reverse osmosis pure water machine has the best water purification effect. It has three levels of pre-filtering (also known as security filtering), one-stage reverse osmosis membrane precision filtration and one-stage post-filtration. The filtered water is free of bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, pesticides, organic matter, minerals and odors. It is a kind of pure water that can be consumed without heating. This type of reverse osmosis pure water machine is a high-grade water purification product, and each unit is priced at about 2000-3000 yuan. 3 According to water quality purchase. The water hardness of different regions is different. The high hardness water quality in the north of China and the limestone area in the south have high calcium and magnesium ion content in the water, which is easy to scale. You should purchase an advanced filter water purifier with ion exchange resin filter. In urban water with chlorine, heavy color and odor, and organic content, you can purchase household water purifiers with more activated carbon. Because activated carbon has a strong adsorption effect on residual chlorine and heterochromatic odor in water, it has obvious removal effect on organic matter. For tap water purification with turbid water quality in urban and rural areas, household water purifiers with dual functions of coarse filtration and fine filtration should be purchased. Serious pollution in water requires thorough filtration of bacteria, viruses, odors, pesticides, heavy metals and other impurities in the water. If you do not need to drink it directly, you should purchase a reverse osmosis pure water machine. 13. Four filtering technologies for water purifiers (Overall, the core + membrane technology) 1 coarse filter / microfiltration: It is simple filtration, which uses the pores on the surface of the membrane for filtration. The pore size of the microfiltration membrane is generally 0.5-1 micron. It can only filter visible impurities such as mud, rust, colloid and large bacterial clusters. Membrane-treated water can only be clear in the senses and can not be used as drinking water. The most common on the market is a tube, two tubes, and three tubes. Core material: 5μPPF fiber filter and granule, block or compressed activated carbon filter 2 ultrafiltration: (UF for short) It is a physical screening process that uses pressure as a driving force to separate liquids by using different pore sizes of ultrafiltration membranes. The molecular cutting amount (CWCO) is generally 6,000 to 500,000, and the pore diameter is 0.1-0.01 micrometer. In water treatment, it can mainly filter macromolecular organic substances such as bacterial viruses, pigments, carbon powder, etc., but for pesticides, herbicides, detergents. Non-molecular organics, heavy metals, and harmful substances such as iron and manganese ions produced during the transportation of tap water cannot be effectively removed. In general, ultrafiltration water purification products with ultrafiltration pore size of 0.01 micron can achieve the standard of direct drinking, but the overall filtration effect and water quality and taste are not as good as RO reverse osmosis. If the pore size is 0.1 micron, it will not reach direct. Drinking standards, please pay attention when consumers buy. Core material: hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane 3 nanofiltration membrane: (referred to as NF) It is a kind of reverse osmosis membrane and is a pressure driven membrane between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. The pore size of the nanofiltration membrane ranges from 0.01 to 0.001 micrometer. Under this pore size, low molecular organic substances such as pesticides, herbicides, detergents, and heavy metals cannot pass, and ions smaller than this pore size can partially pass. There is not much between the ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Core material: nanofiltration membrane 4 reverse osmosis membrane: (RO) Using a special high-pressure water pump, the raw water is added to a pressure of 6-9 kg, so that the raw water permeates through the reverse osmosis membrane with a pore diameter of only 0.0001 μm under the pressure. Chemical ions and bacteria, fungi, and virions cannot pass, and with the discharge of wastewater, only water molecules and oxygen molecules having a volume of less than 0.0001 μm are allowed to pass. This principle achieves the purification of water without changing the properties of water and the amount of oxygen dissolved, and has been praised by experts as "Rolls Royce" in water treatment technology. Since 70 years, reverse osmosis technology has been equipped with US submarines, aircraft carriers and combat ships for direct water production. At present, 80% of Americans drink water is made by reverse osmosis technology. In the United States, people compare the image of reverse osmosis to " Extracorporeal kidney." In the early 1990s, China began to introduce reverse osmosis technology, equipped with submarines and warships. In 1992, the Zhongzhi authorities established a reverse osmosis water plant in Zhongnanhai, which is dedicated to drinking water for foreign guests and *. It is still the most advanced technology in the field of water treatment, and it is the best! 14. Is pure water not as good as mineral water? 1 CCTV's "Life Column" on the "purity water is not as good as mineral water", visited the relevant national units and authoritative experts. Hao Hao, secretary-general of the National Food Industry Standardization Committee, said: If drinking pure water itself is harmful to the human body, then the National Ministry of Health and the Technical Supervision Bureau will not formulate national standards, and will not stop it if it is formulated. 2 Professor E Xueli of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Sciences said: The main role of water in the human body is to promote the body's metabolism, but not to provide nutrition to the human body. Drinking pure water has been popular in developed countries in Europe and America for more than 30 years, and the penetration rate has reached more than 80%. The penetration rate of pure water in Arabia and other countries has reached 100%. So far, no one has reported that people drink healthy water and affect health. 3 Yang Zhenbo, an expert from the Ministry of Environmental Health of China, pointed out: In fact, only living plants can absorb and utilize inorganic minerals from the soil, and can be absorbed and utilized by the human body through photosynthesis and conversion into organic minerals. The minerals contained in mineral water are basically inorganic minerals, while organic minerals only account for 1% of all minerals; 4 According to medical experimental data, the calcium content of a cup of milk is equivalent to the calcium content of 1200 cups of 500 ml of mineral water. The iron content of one pound of beef is equivalent to 8,200 cups of mineral water, and the orange content of a cup of orange juice contains the mineral content of human health. Equivalent to the content of 500 cups of mineral water. 5 Most people generally think that drinking mineral water is good for health, but it is worth reminding that according to medical reports: the physiological concentration of trace elements in human body is very close to the dose of poisoning, and the harm of excessive intake of trace elements is far greater than the lack of Trace elements. It is also known as "chronic poisoning", which can lead to a variety of hidden dangers or acute and chronic diseases. Therefore, mineral water is no better, it can only be used as an occasional drink, not always drink. 15. Is the bottled water clean? 1 Each time the water dispenser is used to drain water, a certain amount of air is sucked into the bucket. According to experts, even in a clean environment, there are 4,000 bacteria per cubic meter of air. These bacteria increase with the increase of air in the barrel and continue to multiply, which causes microbial contamination of the bottled water at room temperature. The rate increased with time: compared with 1 day and 3 days, the microbiological index yield decreased from 93.3% to 60. 0%; drinking 1 day compared with 7 days, the pass rate dropped from 93.3% to 36. 7%; after 10 days, the total number of bacteria reached 8,000 per ml, and the national standard specifies 50 per ml. The hot and cold water tank of the water dispenser has a long storage time, and it will breed a large number of bacteria and viruses, precipitate residues, heavy metals, and even breed red worms and long moss. Drinking such water will seriously affect the health of you and your family! 2 The Ministry of Health's CDC conducted a sample survey of bottled water in the country. 75% of the bottled water in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province exceeded the standard, 95% of Shanghai exceeded the standard, and 99% of Guangdong exceeded the standard. Why is the over-standard data that is tested so shocking? According to the survey, there are only two types of water storage buckets on the market: one type, the original barrel, which is made of materials that meet the standard; the other type, the fake barrel Of course, there are many varieties of counterfeit materials used in barrel making. In March 2003, CCTV's "Focus Interview" exposed a series of fake barrel shots. It is made of waste optical discs and recycled from used medical plastics (like needles, blood vessels, etc.). The price of the original barrel is about 35 yuan, and the price of the fake barrel is about 8 yuan. The huge price difference makes some manufacturers or dealers dig into the big fuss! There are also silk socks on the faucet to make pure water. Even without any treatment directly on the faucet. These incidents have already been exposed on CCTV. Related water knowledge Part 1: Water and human body 1. Water and human body 1 water accounts for 90% of body weight in the fetus, 80% for infants, and 60-70% for adults; 2 The content of water in various organs of the human body: 99% of the eyeball, 83% of the blood, 82.7% of the kidney, 79.3% of the heart, 79% of the lung, 76% of the muscle, 74.8% of the brain, 72% of the skin, 22% of the bone; Three people will feel thirsty if they lose 2% of their water. If they lose 10% of their water, they will be comatose. If they lose 20% of their water, they will die. 4 Experiments show that people can survive for one month without food, and only one week without water. 2. The role of water in the human body 1 maintain cell morphology and enhance metabolism; 2 promote blood and tissue fluid circulation smoothly; 3 dissolve nutrients, absorb, transport, and supply the desired cells; 4 Excrete unnecessary impurities in the body to the outside of the body; 5 maintain blood in a neutral or weakly alkaline state; 6 Dissipate body heat, adjust body temperature, etc. 7 circulatory system, digestive system, excretory system, assimilation, body temperature regulation, lubrication. Part II: Water Environment 1. Waste water discharge Waste water discharge refers to the amount of water discharged by water users such as industry, tertiary industry and urban residents, but does not include thermal power DC cooling water discharge and mine drainage. In 2006, the total discharge of waste water in the country was 73.1 billion tons, of which industrial wastewater accounted for 2/3, and the tertiary industry and urban residents accounted for 1/3 of domestic sewage. 2. World Health Organization (WHO) survey shows 1 More than 80% of diseases in the human body and more than 50% of cancers are related to water; 2 50% of the world’s children’s deaths are caused by drinking contaminated water; 3 1.2 billion people worldwide suffer from a variety of diseases due to drinking contaminated water; 4 One child dies every 15 seconds due to poor water quality; 5 The number of infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery and malaria caused by water pollution in the world exceeds 5 million; According to WHO tests, there are 2,221 pollutants and 756 harmful organic substances in the world's waters, of which 20 are confirmed to be carcinogenic, 24 are suspected of cancer, 18 are cancer-promoting, 47 are mutagenic, and 109 are above. Trace organic pollutants, which are obviously harmful to the human body, cause unintended consequences such as biological endocrine disorders... Part III: Water pollution 1. Definition of water pollution The Water Pollution Control Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1984 clearly defined the definition of “water pollutionâ€, that is, the change of chemical, physical, biological or radioactive characteristics of water bodies due to the intervention of certain substances, thus affecting The effective use of water, endangering human health or destroying the ecological environment, and causing deterioration of water quality is called water pollution. 2. Classification of water pollution According to the different pollution impurities, it is mainly divided into three categories: chemical pollution, physical pollution and biological pollution. details as follows: 1) Chemical pollution: 1 inorganic pollutants: there are acids, bases and some inorganic salts. 2 Inorganic toxic substances: mainly heavy metals and other substances with potential long-term effects, such as mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic and other elements. 3 organic toxic substances: mainly various organic pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and so on. The chemical properties are very stable and difficult to be broken down by organisms. 4 Aerobic pollutants: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and organic substances such as phenols and alcohols in water can be decomposed under the action of microorganisms, requiring a large amount of oxygen, so it is called aerobic pollutants. 5 Plant nutrients: mainly plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage, and residual nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland drainage. 6 oil pollutants 2) Physical pollution: 1 Suspended material pollution: refers to insoluble substances contained in water, mud sand, rust, other solid materials and foam plastics. 2 Thermal pollution: Cooling water from various industrial processes is directly discharged into the water body, which may cause the water temperature to rise, the dissolved oxygen content to decrease, and the toxicity of some toxic substances present in the water to increase. 3 Radioactive pollution: Due to the development of the atomic energy industry, the establishment of nuclear tests and nuclear power plants and the application of isotopes have led to a significant increase in radioactive waste water and waste, resulting in certain radioactive contamination. 3) Biological pollution: Domestic sewage, hospital sewage and certain industrial waste water can bring in some pathogenic microorganisms: bacteria, viruses and parasites. 3. Water pollution problem 1) Current problems with municipal water supply 1 Sensory trait indicators (such as: color, turbidity, naked eye) -> secondary pollution of water supply network 2 chemical indicators overrun (pH, total hardness, oxygen consumption) -> limitations of traditional treatment processes in water plants 3 toxicity indicators (chromium, arsenic, cyanide, fluoride, lead, mercury, etc.) -> industrial emissions 4 bacterial indicators exceeded (total coliform, true coliform, residual chlorine) -> pipe network secondary pollution, water storage system water quality decline 5 radioactive indicators (alpha radioactive beta radioactivity) -> mining 2) The tap water contains the following substances: 1 Particulate matter: mud sand, soil and other particulate matter -> become the carrier of other pollutants, affecting the disinfection effect 2 odor: Cl2, organic acid -> form a potential carcinogen 3 hardness: Ca2+, Mg2+ -> various stones 4 toxic ions: copper, iron, chromium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, tin -> kidney damage, affecting children's intellectual development, high blood pressure, etc. 5 Toxic organics: insecticides, fertilizers, detergents and other dissolved substances -> problems with the liver and nervous system, cataracts, difficulty in reproductive reproduction 6 radioactive substances -> increased risk of cancer 7 Microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae and viruses -> gastrointestinal diseases 3) Secondary water pollution and health 1 The water supply unit stores the drinking water in a water tank or a storage tank, and then transports it to the water station or the user's water supply system by mechanical pressure or by the natural pressure difference formed by the high-rise building. In China, the drinking water of 5~6 layers or more is usually transported by the secondary water supply system. 2 In the secondary water supply tank (pool) and terminal water, the content of turbidity, bacteria, coliform, iron, manganese and chloroform increased compared with the factory water. 4) The main cause of secondary water pollution 1 The design of the storage tank is unreasonable; the water cannot be completely circulated, resulting in precipitation of impurities and microbial growth; 2 The volume of the storage tank is too large, exceeding the normal water consumption, resulting in the exhaustion of residual chlorine and microbial growth (experiments show that the tap water stored in the water tank for 6 hours is extremely low, and the residual chlorine is 0 after 12 hours); 3 Corrosion, scale and sediment of water tank and pipeline wall; 4 Infrastructure and design installation is unreasonable; 5 Health management is not good. Part IV: Water Pollution Solutions 1. Separate supply, reasonable use, technical feasibility, good economy The amount of water used by the people generally accounts for about 1/10 of the total amount of municipal tap water (the remaining 9/10 is for water for industry, aquaculture, gardening, municipal engineering, fire fighting, etc.). The drinking water used by the public for boiled water, rice, and soup accounts for about one-tenth of the domestic water, so the people actually drink about 1/100 of the total municipal water supply. Due to the limited national power of the municipal water supply, it is impossible or necessary to change 99% of the water supply to pure water for 1%. The quality of water supply can be: local conditions, facilities, investment, quick results, in line with national conditions, technical and economical. The quality of water supply has received government support and social recognition for its advanced nature, economy and technical feasibility. It has won the trust of consumers with its characteristics of safety, health, convenience and environmental protection; it has produced good economic and social benefits. The quality of water supply is in line with the national conditions and meets the needs of the people's livelihood. It is an inevitable outcome of social development and is imperative. 2. Water treatment technology 1) Physical filtration method 1 microfiltration a) role: trapped particles b) Use: pretreatment of drinking water (coarse filtration) c) Pore size: 0.1 micron to several tens of micrometers d) Classification: flat plate (stainless steel plate), barrel type (folding, melt blowing) e) Interception mechanism: mechanical, adsorption, bridging 2 ultrafiltration a) Role: removal of macromolecular substances (bacteria) and colloids, etc. b) Use: Advanced treatment of drinking water, pretreatment of RO system c) Pore size: 1 nanometer (nanofiltration) - 0.2 micron (microfiltration) d) Type: plate type, hollow fiber, tube type, roll type e) Precautions for use: broken wire, anti-pollution, rinsing, material 3 nanofiltration a) Concept: Between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, the general pore size is 1-2 nm. b) Role: bacteria, viruses, colloids, organic matter, nitrates, hardness, etc. c) Use: deep treatment and softening of drinking water 4 reverse osmosis a) Role: desalting, bacteria, viruses, organic matter, pesticides, etc. b) Uses: seawater desalination, deep purification of drinking water, preparation of high purity water, etc. c) Pore size: <0.1nm d) Progress: ultra low pressure membrane, low pollution membrane, etc. e) Classification: flat plate, hollow fiber, roll f) Basic concepts: recovery rate, salt removal rate, water flux and its attenuation coefficient, stages and segments g) Influencing factors: temperature, pressure, influent salinity, pH, recovery, etc. h) Attention to problems: control recovery rate, water quality, prevention and cleaning of pollution, prevention of back pressure and leakage of seals. 2) Activated carbon adsorption method a) Role: adsorption of free residual chlorine, organic matter, heavy metals, etc. b) Use: advanced treatment of drinking water, pretreatment of drinking water, household water purifier c) Classification: state - powder, granular; material - coconut shell, other shell, charcoal, coal d) Process: raw materials - forming - carbonization - activation - products e) Pore distribution: micropores <4nm accounted for more than 95%; mesopores (transition pores) 4-100nm accounted for 5% or less; macropores >100nm accounted for less than 1% f) Porosity: 0.6-0.9cm3/g, specific surface area 700-1200m2/g 3) Decontamination method - ozone, ultraviolet light, chlorine dioxide, liquid chlorine 1 ozone (O3) a) ozone: an unstable light blue gas b) The oxidation potential of hydrogen is 2.07 V, which directly oxidizes the microorganism to cause death. c) Application: disinfection, reduction of BOD and COD, decolorization, etc. d) Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - efficient, convenient and economical, the disinfection product is O2, no pollution; disadvantages - poor stability in water, short half-life. 2 ultraviolet a) UV C (200-280 nm), UV B (280-315 nm), UV A (315-400 nm) b) Principle: The DNA is broken or the groups in the DNA are polymerized by photochemical reaction. c) Effect: The intensity is 30,000μW/cm2, and the contact time is greater than 1s, which can kill most bacteria and viruses. d) Use: treatment of drinking water e) Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - Low sterilization selectivity, low cost of civil construction, no pollution; Disadvantages - no continuous sterilization ability, cleaning of lamp dirt. f) Note: material of the lamp, cleaning of the lamp, water quality of the treated water, distance 3 chlorine dioxide (ClO2) a) Principle: Strong oxidizing b) Use: Disinfection of drinking water and sewage treatment is an ideal disinfectant. c) Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - High efficiency: fast sterilization, good effect, can kill most bacteria, algae, viruses, plankton and so on. Controls odor: It is odorless in water and effectively removes traces of odor-causing compounds in water. Sustainable sterilization: it can keep traces in water and prevent water pollution; Disadvantages - high preparation cost, chlorite production has unstable effects on human body, mostly used in small water plants 4 liquid chlorine a) The most commonly used disinfectant in centralized water supply b) Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages - low price and easy operation; disadvantages - the main by-product is halogenated organic matter, which is mutagenic and/or carcinogenic in animal experiments; long-term drinking is associated with increased incidence of certain cancers ; has an impact on reproduction; chloroform and dichloromonobromomethane have been listed by WHO in the Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, and their limits are determined as carcinogenic substances). 4) Ion exchange softening a) Role: remove hardness ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.) b) Use: softening of household water, softening of industrial water, desalting, etc. c) Principle: Ca2++2NaR=CaR2+2Na2+ 5) Other treatment methods 1 Electrodialysis (EDI) a) Role: Desalination to produce pure water b) Use: boiler water, high demand industry c) Principle: d) Advantages: the system is simple and does not require a regeneration system e) Disadvantages: concentrated water discharge, low water production capacity, high energy consumption, membrane fouling 2 membrane bioreactor a) Concept: Combination of membrane separation technology and bioreactor b) Role: removal of biodegradable substances while intercepting non-biodegradable substances through the membrane. c) Application: domestic sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, deep treatment of drinking water. d) Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages: high solid-liquid separation rate, good effluent quality, small footprint, simple operation, and less residual sludge; Disadvantages: high energy consumption, membrane fouling and cleaning, short membrane life, manufacturing cost, scale limitation . 3 photocatalysis a) Photocatalysis: The TiO2 photocatalyst (TiO2/Ti) is fixed around the source of ultraviolet light (254), which is a photocatalytic device. b) Application: removal of small molecular organic matter, degradation of algal toxins, etc. 3. Basic indicators of water quality 1 Chroma: An indicator that reflects the color of water. The degree of quantification of color is chromaticity. The color of drinking water is usually required to be less than 15 degrees. 2 Turbidity: The degree of obstruction that occurs when suspended matter in water passes through light. The turbidity of drinking water should not exceed 5 degrees (NTU). 3pH value: pH value is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion in water, which is an index reflecting the acidity of water acid. The solution with pH value of 7 is neutral. The higher the pH value, the stronger the alkalinity of the solution. The lower the pH value, the more acidic. Strong. Slightly alkaline is suitable for human consumption, and reverse osmosis water is acidic. 4 Hardness: Some metal ions in water are easily combined with some anions to form a precipitate. We call the total concentration of these metal ions the hardness. Generally, we call the total amount of calcium and magnesium ions in the water "hardness", which is equivalent to 10 mg of calcium oxide per liter of water. Water with high hardness is prone to fouling and precipitation. 5TDS: Total residue, the remaining material after evaporation and drying of water at a certain temperature. It consists of total filterable residue (mineral salts) and total non-filterable residue (ss). The unit is mg/l. 6 Conductivity: A parameter of the conductivity of the reaction water, which is positively correlated with the salt content in the water. The unit of conductivity is μs/cm. 7SDI: silt density index, the expression of colloidal substance concentration in water, measured by standard instrument, can indirectly indicate the speed at which the reverse osmosis membrane is blocked by impurity particles. The smaller the value, the slower the clogging speed. The larger the value, the faster the clogging. . 8COD: Chemical oxygen demand refers to the amount of oxidant consumed when a certain strong oxidant is used to treat a water sample under certain conditions. The larger the COD, the higher the concentration of organic matter in the water body and the more serious the pollution. 9BOD: Biological oxygen demand, the amount of oxygen consumed by organic substances decomposed in water during complete oxidative decomposition due to the action of microorganisms under aerobic conditions. BOD is an indicator of the amount of organic matter and the degree of pollution in the water. 10 total number of colonies: an indicator reflecting the degree of biological contamination of water. The unit is cfu/mL. E. coli count: one of the harmful bacteria indicators, one of the most common harmful bacteria in natural water. The unit is MPN/100mL. 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