In recent years, in order to maintain the sustained and healthy development of the national economy, the state has increased investment in infrastructure construction, such as the construction of railways and highways. The demand for such tunnel lights is increasing. In order to save energy, protect the environment, improve the quality of tunnel lighting, and in order to adapt to the sustainable development of tunnel operation management, it is necessary to find a reasonable new lighting theory and skill light source in combination with the special lighting environment and visual perception of the tunnel.
1. Comparison of the functions of conventional tunnel lights and LED tunnel lights
At present, most of the tunnel lighting uses high-pressure sodium lamps as the light source, but the high-pressure sodium lamps have many shortcomings in terms of radiation form, color rendering, visual sensitivity characteristics, power specifications, brightness control, etc., and the emerging LED tunnel lighting fixtures have excellent performance. In particular, the controllability of brightness overcomes many of the shortcomings of high-pressure sodium lamps and is becoming the mainstream of tunnel lighting in the world today. The state has also introduced new measures for the “Ten Cities and Ten Thousand Cities†semiconductor lighting project, which has brought unprecedented opportunities for the development of LED tunnel lights.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor light emitting technology. The earliest developed LEDs only emit red light for the indicator lights in electronic devices. With the development of technology, LED lamps have been able to emit various colors of light, and are widely used in many industries. The main application markets include the traditional display and signal market, backlight market, street lamps, tunnel lights, and automotive lighting markets. , outdoor landscape lighting and interior lighting market, special lighting market. LEDs have their unique advantages as tunnel light sources.
(1) LED tunnel light has low power consumption and energy saving, and its energy consumption is more than 40% compared with traditional high-pressure sodium lamps.
(2) The LED tunnel lamp has a long service life of 100,000 h under ideal conditions, while the life of the high pressure sodium lamp and the fluorescent tube is only 10,000 to 30,000 h.
(3) LED tunnel lights have high reliability, low daily maintenance and maintenance costs, mean time between failures (MTBF) of up to 20,000 h, and low mean time (MTBF) of high pressure sodium lamps and fluorescent tubes of less than 10,000 h.
(4) Reduce the construction cost of power distribution systems (cables, transformers, distribution boxes, bridges, etc.). For long tunnels and long-distance power supply, the proportion of cables and distribution facilities is particularly large. LED tunnels are used. Lights can greatly reduce investment in cables and power distribution equipment due to power saving.
(5) LED tunnel light can realize instant start, easy brightness adjustment, and has the advantages of no stroboscopic, wide starting voltage range, etc., and can realize various energy-saving modes, such as intelligently adjusting illumination according to the traffic flow of roads and tunnels.
(6) High-pressure sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps, and electrodeless lamps contain chemical pollutants such as mercury and lead, while LED tunnel light sources do not contain chemically contaminated substances, and are environmentally friendly light sources.
2. Design requirements for high power LED tunnel lights
(1) Basic lighting is required in the tunnel whether it is day or night. When the vehicle enters the tunnel during the day, the road surface brightness should be gradually reduced, so that the driver's vision has an adaptation process, and the entrance section is divided into an introduction section, an adaptation section and a transition section.
(2) Determine the length (S) of the lead-in section, the adaptation section and the transition section. Usually, the vehicle speed (V) is determined by the adaptation time of T=2s, which can be estimated by S=VT/3.6m; the exit section should also be set to transition. Illumination, in the case of two-way traffic, the same as the entrance section.
(3) There is no reinforced lighting at night entrances and exits, and street lights should be set outside the caves. The brightness should not be less than 1/2 of the basic brightness in the cave; emergency lighting should be provided in the tunnel, and its brightness should be no less than 1/10 of the basic brightness.
(4) According to the provisions of JTJ026-90 “Code for Design of Highway Tunnelsâ€, the length of tunnel entrance lighting interval and the minimum brightness standard of pavement are designed as required in Table 1.
3. Design scheme of high power LED tunnel light
3.1 LED light source selection
LED single-watt lumen output is the basic indicator to determine whether LED tunnel light has practical value. According to requirements, the single-watt lumen of LED used in LED tunnel light should reach 80 lumens or more. After nearly three years of high-speed development of LED luminous efficiency. At present, the LED light effect that can be supplied in large quantities has reached 90 lm/W or more, and the brightness is constantly increasing. Table 2 provides the main technical parameters of the mass-produced high-power 1W white LEDs representing several of the world's most advanced manufacturers. The OSRAM manufacturer LUWW5AM can be used as the design light source. The LED light source can be selected from a variety of different color temperatures. The LED light source with a color temperature of 4000~6000K can be effectively reduced to reduce the "light hole" and "black hole" effects.
3.2 light distribution design
According to the tunnel lighting requirements, different light distribution lamps are used according to different illumination sections. According to the optical principle and the high directivity of the LED light source, a reasonable light distribution is adopted, and the power of the lamps is reduced under the condition of meeting the brightness or illumination requirements. The purpose of energy saving.
(1) The introduction section, the adaptation section, the transition section and the exit section of the tunnel entrance section adopt asymmetric lighting (backlighting), which can improve the road surface brightness by 121% under the same illumination conditions. The advantage of high directivity is utilized, and the light intensity in a large angle direction is strictly controlled to eliminate most glare.
(2) In the basic section of the tunnel, the current common distribution patterns of light distribution include concentrating light distribution, side-emitting light distribution, and Lambertian light distribution. Different application modes are applicable to different light distribution forms. For example, road lighting should use batwing type light distribution, and spot light should adopt concentrating type light distribution. Due to the particularity of tunnel lighting, the arrangement density of lamps in tunnel lighting is very high, so the secondary light distribution form of the lamps in tunnel lighting is different from general road lighting. In the tunnel illumination, the batwing type light distribution and the Lambertian type light distribution can meet the requirements of illumination uniformity, which is mainly due to the relatively small lamp distance in the tunnel illumination. Figure 1 shows the C0 direction light distribution of the two LED tunnel lights. The left side is the commonly used batwing light distribution in road lighting and tunnel lighting, and the Lambertian light distribution on the right. The batwing light distribution, that is, the wide-band symmetrical illumination light distribution, can improve the road surface brightness by 64% and improve the road surface brightness uniformity under the same illuminance condition.
Electric Kettle
Electric Kettle are made by food grand stainless steel and
Polypropylene. It helps you to have a 1.8L bottle of boiled water in 5 minutes.
Type 201 Stainless stell is the main material for the electric kettle housing.
sometimes called a tea kettle or teakettle, is a type of pot, typically metal,
specialized for boiling water, with a lid, spout, and handle, or a small
kitchen appliance of similar shape that functions in a self-contained manner.
Kettles can be heated either by placing on a stove, or by their own internal
electric heating element in the appliance versions.
Features:
360-degree swivel base: Great way with
cordless pouring; kettle lifts off base for cord. Separate base to move kettle
conveniently, 360°rotation design.The cord can be wrap neatly into the base
bottom for easy storage. The concealed stainless steel heating element brings
fresh hot water with no metal Taste.
Soft Handle for easy using: Comfortable
stay-cool handle; brushed stainless steel finish. Cool-touch buttons and
ergonomic stay-cool handle.
Large Capacity for Multiple Cups: 1.8 L large
capacity, with Max. water level inside the kettle. almost 1.5x the size of most
tea makers. Brew up to 6oz at once! Perfect for small gatherings & parties!
Fully Stainless Steel Faster Boils: Stainless
Steel Interior cover with no plastic taste. Boils water rapidly, save more time
and energy. Faster than the microwave & safer than your traditional
stovetop teapot.
On/off switch with LED light.: Automatic
On/Off switch makes life easier. No need standing by for hot water. It shuts
down when reaches a full rolling boil. Boil-dry and overheat protection to
ensure the safety use.
Time Saver & Higher Safety: 1500 watts
energy efficient for quick heat-up time brings water to a boil, Fast boil, auto
shut off and boil dry protection technology with three-prong plug.
Brushed stainless steel housing
Applications
Making hot water for tea brewing.
Making Coffee.
Cool milk-tea.
Steaming eggs.
Any occation if you need hot water in short time.
Any
color of plastic is available to produce but in big quantity. Its
Electric Kettle
Electric Kettle,Stainless Steel Electric Kettle,Electric Boiler,Big Capacity Electric Kettle
Guangzhou Taipeng Electrical Appliances Technology CO., LTD. , https://www.kettles.pl