Elaboration of eight major fieldbuses
1. Foundation Fieldbus (Foundation Fieldbus FF) Foundation Fieldbus is a communication protocol that was developed through the merger of two major industry initiatives: the ISP agreement involving over 80 companies, including Yokogawa, ABB, Siemens, and Invensys, and the WorldFIP initiative led by Honeywell, which included more than 150 companies in Europe and other regions. This merged standard has become widely adopted in process automation due to its robust architecture and strong development potential. The protocol follows a simplified version of the ISO/OSI model, consisting of four layers: physical, data link, application, and user. It supports two transmission speeds: H1 (31.25 Kbit/s) and H2 (1 Mbit/s and 2.5 Mbit/s). H1 allows for long-distance communication up to 1900 meters and supports bus power supply and intrinsic safety, making it ideal for hazardous environments. H2 offers higher speed and shorter distances, with support for twisted pair, fiber optics, and wireless communication. The physical layer uses Manchester encoding for signal transmission. 2. CAN (Controller Area Network) Developed by Bosch in Germany, CAN is a widely used protocol in discrete control applications. It has been standardized by ISO and is supported by major semiconductor companies like Intel and Motorola. The CAN protocol includes physical and data link layers. It features short message frames, fast transmission times, and strong noise immunity. It operates in a multi-master mode, using non-destructive arbitration to prevent collisions based on priority. Communication distances can reach up to 10 km at 5 kbps and speeds as high as 1 Mbps. Up to 110 nodes can be connected on a single network, and many manufacturers produce CAN-compliant chips. 3. LonWorks LonWorks, developed by Echelon Corporation in the U.S., is known for its comprehensive seven-layer OSI-based communication model. It uses an object-oriented design and simplifies network configuration through network variables. It supports multiple media, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber, and infrared. Communication speeds range from 300 bps to 1.5 Mbps, with a maximum distance of 2700 meters at 78 kbps. The LonTalk protocol is embedded in Neuron chips, making it popular in building automation, home systems, and industrial control. It is often referred to as the "universal control network." 4. DeviceNet DeviceNet is an open, low-cost network designed for device-level communication. It is based on CAN technology, offering transmission rates between 125 kbps and 500 kbps. It supports up to 64 nodes per network and uses a producer/consumer communication model. Devices can be added or removed without affecting the rest of the network, reducing installation costs. The Open DeviceNet Vendor Association (ODVA) oversees its development and standardization. 5. PROFIBUS PROFIBUS is a fieldbus standard established by DIN and EN standards. It includes three main variants: DP (for high-speed data), FMS (for flexible message services), and PA (for process automation). It supports various topologies and transmission rates from 9.6 kbps to 12 Mbps. At 9.6 kbps, it can reach up to 1200 meters, while at 12 Mbps, the distance is limited to 200 meters. With repeaters, it can extend up to 10 km. It uses twisted pair or fiber optic cables and supports up to 127 nodes per segment. 6. HART HART, or Highway Addressable Remote Transducer, is a digital communication protocol that operates over existing analog signals. It is a transitional technology from analog to digital systems. The protocol consists of three layers: physical, data link, and application. It supports both master-slave and multicast communication modes. It can be powered via the bus, meeting intrinsic safety requirements, and can operate in dual-master configurations with handheld devices and host systems. 7. CC-Link CC-Link, developed by Mitsubishi Electric and other companies, is a high-speed fieldbus used primarily in Asia. It offers data transfer speeds up to 10 Mbps and supports both control and information data transmission. It simplifies wiring, improves noise resistance, and ensures compatibility across different layers of automation. In 2005, it was recognized as a national technical guideline in China. 8. WorldFIP WorldFIP is a European-based fieldbus that remained independent after merging with ISP to form FF. It is dominant in France, with a market share of around 60%. It uses a single-bus structure and avoids the need for gateways or bridges. It can connect with FF H1 and HSE seamlessly, supporting extended communication capabilities. It is also well-developed for IEC61158 standards. Other notable fieldbuses include P-Net, used in agriculture and food industries, and SwiftNet, commonly found in aerospace. These technologies continue to evolve and serve specialized applications in industrial automation.
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