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Introduction to the Positive and Negative Materials of Lithium Batteries

Lithium battery cathode materials mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganate, nickel-manganese-cobalt ternary materials, and lithium iron phosphate. Among these, lithium iron phosphate is considered an ideal cathode material due to its advantages in cycle life, safety, and cost. However, the main challenge lies in the reliance on imported electronic-grade lithium carbonate (with a purity above 99.5%), as well as the technology for producing lithium iron phosphate being primarily sourced from abroad.

Electronic-grade lithium carbonate can be extracted from lithium ore or salt lakes. Although China has the second-largest lithium reserves globally, domestic production of high-purity lithium carbonate remains limited due to technical constraints. Currently, there are no commercial products available for extracting electronic-grade lithium carbonate from salt lakes, leading to heavy dependence on imports. This situation gives foreign manufacturers significant control over pricing and supply, leaving domestic companies with little influence.

Technologically, China's development in lithium iron phosphate has kept pace with global standards. However, the country lacks a true industry leader and original innovation. Globally, three major players dominate this field: A123 and Valence from the U.S., and Phostech from Canada. These companies have secured core patents, making it difficult for Chinese firms to enter the market without facing high licensing fees. The strategic importance of lithium iron phosphate technology has also led to government-backed barriers in several countries.

The two key patents in lithium iron phosphate technology are carbon coating and carbothermal reduction. The former is owned by a Canadian company, which has already applied for patents in China. The latter is held by a U.S. firm, Gaobo, but has not yet been patented in China. Despite this, the company has established two subsidiaries in Suzhou for production and battery manufacturing. The dominance of foreign patents poses a potential threat to the growth of the domestic industry.

To break free from a low-end position in the supply chain, China must focus on three areas: accelerating domestic patent applications through R&D, strategically surrounding foreign patents, and strengthening research in battery structure design and control systems.

Anode materials for lithium batteries are generally categorized into six types: carbon-based materials (such as graphite and mesophase carbon microspheres), tin-based oxides and composites, transition metal nitrides, alloy-based materials (like silicon and tin alloys), nano-scale materials (including carbon nanotubes and nano-alloys), and nano-oxides. While some of these materials are still in the experimental stage, carbon-based anodes remain the most widely used in commercial lithium-ion batteries.

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Beth Instrument Analytical Institute