1. Application Requirements and Technical Indicators of the Vehicle Power Module
1.1 Technical Specifications of the Power Module
According to the "GB/T 28046 Road Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Environmental Conditions and Tests" standard and the ISO 7637 surge standard, the vehicle power module must be designed to withstand high-voltage surges. Specifically, it should handle a 87V surge at 4 ohms for 350ms, as well as a 174V surge under the same conditions. In addition, the module must have an anti-reverse connection function to prevent damage from incorrect polarity connections. To ensure compatibility with both 12V and 24V vehicle electrical systems, the power module is equipped with overcurrent protection on the output side. The input voltage range is set between 6.0V and 38.0V, while the output voltage can be adjusted from 5V to 24V, supporting up to 50W of load. This wide range makes it suitable for most DC-powered automotive electronics, ensuring reliable performance in various vehicle environments.
2. Circuit Principle of the Vehicle Power Module
2.1 Surge Protection
Figure 1 shows a typical voltage transient diagram during vehicle startup. It illustrates that the vehicle's power supply is highly unstable at start-up, often experiencing low voltage (as low as 6.0V), surges, and reverse polarity spikes. These voltage fluctuations are clearly depicted in the figure below.
Figure 1: Typical Vehicle Power Supply Transient Change Diagram
Figure 2: Vehicle Power Surge Waveform
Table 1: 12V and 24V Vehicle Surge Indicator Table
To protect the power module from surge-related damage, transient voltage suppression (TVS) diodes are commonly used. These diodes help absorb and dissipate harmful voltage spikes, ensuring the stability and longevity of the system.
Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of Surge Suppression
By incorporating these protective measures, the power module ensures robust performance even in harsh automotive environments, making it ideal for use in modern vehicle systems.
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