In the industrial robot industry chain, the reliance on imported core components has significantly hindered China's growth in the robotics sector. However, local companies that have successfully developed these critical parts now possess a strong foundation for large-scale production and hold competitive advantages. Recently, key technologies for core components have seen major breakthroughs, with some already being used in limited industrial applications. Looking ahead, the trend of localizing robot parts is expected to accelerate.
Over the past few years, global industrial robot leaders have set up manufacturing bases in China, aggressively capturing market share. ABB, for instance, is planning to open a Robot Application Center in Chongqing, while Yaskawa Electric has signed an agreement with the Wujin National High-tech Zone for its Phase II project, starting construction on a third factory. Kuka has also announced plans to increase investment in China, building a second-phase plant to expand its production capacity. These moves have put significant pressure on domestic manufacturers and underscore China’s long-standing challenges in core component development.
"Made in China 2025" is a ten-year action plan aimed at transforming China from a manufacturing giant into a manufacturing powerhouse. Officially released by the State Council in May 2015, it outlines a comprehensive strategy for the transformation, upgrading, and leapfrog development of the country's manufacturing industry.
Smart manufacturing isn’t achieved overnight—it evolves progressively through stages such as automation, informationization, connectivity, and intelligence. To reach intelligent manufacturing, industrial robots and smart equipment are essential, with industrial robots serving as a fundamental part of this ecosystem.
An industrial robot consists of four main components: the reducer, servo motor, controller, and body. The first three account for about 35%, 25%, and 15% of the total cost, respectively. However, these components are largely dominated by foreign firms. Domestic manufacturers face severe constraints due to their dependence on imported parts, often lacking bargaining power and even seeing the overall cost of their machines exceed that of imported alternatives.
For example, the reducer, which represents the highest cost in a robot, is mostly controlled by Japanese companies. Foreign robots typically use speed reducers costing between $1,500 and $20,000, whereas domestic versions cost around $30,000—nearly double the price. In terms of servo motors, domestic companies hold less than 10% of the market, and for drives, 80% are still imported from Europe, the U.S., and Japan.
One of the main issues facing domestically produced parts is their low market share. Additionally, quality, reliability, and stability still need improvement.
Zhao Jie, a professor at Harbin Institute of Technology and director of the Robotics Institute, noted that key technologies for core components are making significant progress, with some achieving small-scale industrial applications. "For example, harmonic reducers have reached annual shipments of 80,000 units. In recent years, RV reducers have enabled nearly 20,000 units of self-branded robotic systems, significantly reducing China’s reliance on imported core components."
China is currently focusing on breakthroughs in key robotic technologies as part of its broader strategy. Domestic manufacturers have overcome several challenges in critical components like reducers and servo motors, and they have started to achieve partial localization of controllers. This shift toward localization is becoming more evident.
At the same time, the market share of domestic industrial robots has steadily increased. More domestic robots are now using locally made controllers and other key components. The level of independent R&D in intelligent control and application systems continues to improve, and the ability to design manufacturing processes independently is also growing. Notably, due to increased procurement scale and enterprise transformation, leading companies in downstream segments of the supply chain are accelerating R&D and adopting self-developed robots.
Under the new normal of economic development, smart manufacturing is emerging as a key driver for supply-side reforms and industrial transformation. For enterprises, seizing the opportunity in industrial robotics means developing and producing core components domestically, achieving mass production breakthroughs. Otherwise, there is little point in pursuing growth. Companies with capabilities in component development, manufacturing, and system integration are well-positioned for large-scale industrialization and can leverage the competitive landscape effectively.
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