Headphone amplifier design: quality vs efficiency

The current 3D image display technology can be roughly divided into two categories: glasses-wearing and naked-eye. The principle is usually based on the principle that humans perceive the depth of an object through the slight difference of the object seen through the right and left eyes, thereby recognizing the stereoscopic image. The key to the problem is how to allocate the two groups of movies for "right eye" and "left eye" to the left and right eyes. The special glasses used in the past are a tool to solve this problem. The principle is to set the two sets of images and lenses to different colors, so that one set of film and television can only enter the left or right eye.


There have been many kinds of stereo glasses, such as Anaglyph 3D Glasses-red, green or red and blue glasses, which are used in 3D websites, stereo movies or TV programs, stereo games and stereo photos; Polarized 3D Glasses-including linear polarization Or round polarized 3D glasses, mainly used for three-dimensional laser show, three-dimensional dynamic cinema and 3D movies; Pulfrich3D Glasses-composed of a dark lens and a transparent lens, used for stereoscopic TV programs, video tapes and multimedia computer films ; Shutter 3D Glasses-including wired or wireless LCD polarized 3D glasses, sync signal transmitter, etc., mainly used for stereo laser show, 3D virtual reality, stereo TV programs; HMD helmet-mounted display-use micro display panel (micro -display) for stereoscopic video games and 3D virtual reality.


It has been several years since the popularization of Philips and other manufacturers successively developed and successfully mass-produced 3D displays in the summer of 2004. However, it has always suffered from wide price differences and lack of video content, making it difficult to expand the market scale. Although Chi Mei and Samsung have successively cooperated with PC game manufacturers to launch 3D-capable displays and PDP TVs, but using traditional technology, consumers still need to wear special glasses to watch 3D images, which also reduces consumers' willingness to adopt.
Philips is one of the pioneers of 3D display technology without special glasses. Compared with the parallax barrier technology developed by Sharp, its lenticular lens technology has the disadvantage of a more difficult process, but it has a more natural picture quality and better High brightness. In this Digital Signage Expo 2008, in addition to exhibiting its 42-inch and 20-inch 3D displays that have already been mass-produced, Philips also exhibited a 3D display made up of 9 pieces of 42-inch panels, approximately 126 inches. These 3D displays all use lenticular lens technology. Among them, the 42-inch model has a resolution of Full HD (1920 × 1080) in 2D mode, while in 3D mode, Philips divides the upper, lower, left, and right sides into 3 sub-pixels to increase the angle of the observable 3D image and distinguish The rate is reduced to 640 × 360. The 126-inch model has a larger size, and it has a wider range of observable 3D effects than the old organic model.


LG, which had established a joint venture with Philips to establish LPL, also exhibited a 42-inch 3D display that also uses lenticular lens technology. Compared with Philips exhibits, LG exhibits the same resolution as Full HD in 2D mode, and also improves the distance for observable 3D effects. In 3D mode, the resolution is reduced to VGA (640 × 480), but 3D can be observed. The distance is increased to 7 meters. In addition, LG's display panel has a narrow front edge, only 29mm, which effectively reduces the weight and volume of the display.


In 2008, Samsung released a 46-inch 3D LCD monitor. This LCD monitor does not need to wear special 3D glasses. You can enjoy lifelike three-dimensional images with only the naked eye. However, when watching 3D content, you need to maintain an effective distance from the display. When the distance to the display is close, we will not see the 3D picture, so Samsung has not launched a small-size 3D display for desktop users.
At the Digital Signage Expo 2008, a public display exhibition held in Las Vegas, USA, in addition to traditional flat displays, large-size displays with 3D display functions also attracted the attention of many manufacturers. In addition to the lenticular lens (LenTIcular) technology developed by Philips and already mass-produced by most manufacturers, Provision also exhibited projection 3D displays, which are more realistic than general 3D flat displays. The 3D display with projection technology introduced by the American manufacturer Provision can also see the product image floating in the air without special glasses, which is more realistic than the lenticular lens technology. Compared with the traditional projection-type 3D display technology that projects a flat image into the fog, this technology has an effective observation distance of up to 30 meters, and a viewing angle of 60 ° up, down, left, and right. As for the main application scenarios of the projection-type 3D display, it is reported that Kiosk (advertising booth) will be the main one. Provision's exhibit in the Digital Signage Expo 2008 is a Kiosk that promotes beverages. The upper end shows the appearance of the product packaging through a 3D display, and the TFT-LCD on the side of the body shows the product characteristics of the product. The two-pronged approach to attract consumers to buy goods.


Most existing 3D display technologies use human binocular parallax to enable consumers to observe the virtual depth of field. However, staring at the 3D display for a long time is prone to eye fatigue and neck pain. In addition, the existing 3D display technology mostly divides pixels to create parallax, which reduces the resolution of the 3D mode to half of the 2D mode or even lower, which also affects consumers' willingness to purchase. In the short-term situation where these bottlenecks are difficult to break through, is it possible for public displays to become another world of 3D flat display technology that requires special glasses?


Public monitors and home monitors are quite different in application. First of all, in order to attract the audience's attention, the size of the public display is usually larger than that of a general home TV, but due to the longer observation distance, the resolution requirements of the public display are lower than those of the home display. Secondly, the main function of public displays is to advertise and quickly attract people passing by, rather than to watch videos as the main purpose of home displays. Therefore, the shortcomings of the aforementioned current 3D display technology are less important in the context of using public displays, so public The display may also become a way for 3D display to move towards economies of scale. Compared with ordinary 2D monitors, 3D monitors have the advantage of attracting more attention from the public, which greatly promotes the effectiveness of advertising. In general, the purchase of public monitors is large, which makes the economic scale easier to build than household monitors. The disparity in price difference will still be a major key to whether 3D displays can expand in the public display market.


As mentioned above, the 3D display technology that is more suitable for public displays, regardless of the lenticular lens or projection technology, is much higher than the general TFT-LCD in terms of materials and manufacturing costs, which also makes it difficult to reduce the selling price of 3D displays at this stage. It is about 3 to 4 times that of ordinary flat displays. In this way, although 3D displays can display the scenes that ordinary displays cannot display, but because the technology still has room for improvement and the price is difficult to reduce, it has not yet been recognized by consumers and advertisers. Must have conditions.


While the industry is expecting 3D technology to become popular on the next generation of televisions, Japanese manufacturers have already considered developing a method for introducing 3D images into mobile phone screens. Seiko Epson recently launched a 2.57-inch color LCD 3D display that is expected to be available in the market within two years. This 3D LCD panel claims that no special glass is required.


Displaying 3D images on a mobile phone screen is a special challenge. The main obstacle is the inability to determine the fixed viewing distance between the user and the screen. Traditionally, 3D displays present slightly different images to each eye; the images are first separated and then displayed on the LCD panel. The lens of the lens is placed in front of the LCD panel so that images from different angles will not reach the same eye at the same time. When a fixed distance is established between the LCD panel and the viewer's eyes, no additional equipment is required for the display of 3D images. Mobile phone users often have to tilt the LCD panel of their mobile phones, which causes changes in viewing points. The solution to this problem is to capture images of objects from multiple angles, then separate the images and display as many images as possible on the screen. For objects displayed on the screen, the more images that are separated, the greater the depth of the resulting image. However, continuously increasing the number of "separated" images will reduce the resolution of 3D images because the number of pixels used on the LCD panel is constant.


Because the development of 3D displays is currently not very driven by consumer demand, the key is to maintain the image resolution of 3D displays at the same resolution as 2D displays. The problem is how to maintain a high quality while displaying smooth 3D images. Seiko Epson's solution is to narrow the width of the image to each viewing point, and the special pixel queue formed on its LCD display. When the viewing point changes horizontally, the width of the image at the viewing point is defined by the viewable range of the same image. Usually the range is set to 62 ~ 65mm, similar to the distance between the right and left eyes. At this pitch, the number of 3D images that can be displayed on the LCD panel is limited to 4. Seiko Epson engineers narrowed the viewing width to 31 ~ 32.5mm, which allows 8 separated 3D images to be displayed on the LCD panel, thus creating a smoother 3D viewing effect. This method also means that the image resolution you can see will drop to 1/8 of the original LCD panel image resolution. To solve this problem, Seiko Epson has created a new alignment method for forming RGB points of one pixel, arranging the RGB points like a staircase, instead of arranging each RGB point horizontally on the LCD panel. The new calibration method minimizes image (resolution) degradation, reducing it to 3/8 in the horizontal direction and 1/3 in the vertical direction. The characteristics of the human eye are more sensitive to horizontal resolution; using a 1024 × 786 pixel (XGA) LCD panel, according to the researchers, it has been able to successfully display 384 × 256 pixels (QVGA quality) 3D images via the viewing point.


In terms of 3D displays, in order to improve the presence of images and reduce the visual fatigue of long-term viewing, it is necessary to develop high-resolution displays.

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