The future of new energy vehicles is the coexistence of pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles?

[The future of new energy vehicles is the coexistence of pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles? 】 China's pure electric vehicles in the world, whether it is the market or the technology are in a leading position, and from the energy strategy transformation and traffic rationality point of view, adhere to the pure electric development focus is in line with national conditions the right choice - pure The most likely relationship between electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles is the coexistence of the two.

Recently, according to Xinhua News Agency, Premier Li Keqiang visited Hokkaido during his visit to Japan and visited Toyota’s hydrogen fuel cell car Mirai. Li Keqiang asked about Mirai’s mileage and other issues. From this news we can find that the Prime Minister is very concerned about the development of new energy vehicles.

This has also sparked a wave of discussions on the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles both inside and outside the industry. It has also expressed through Weibo the suspicion that China’s electric vehicles are focusing on pure electric technology. In this regard, the academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the head of the National Key Expertise Group on New Energy Vehicles, Ouyang Minggao, a professor at Tsinghua University, said in an interview with a reporter from the “China Science Journal” that “China's new energy vehicle technology route and Japan’s Toyota In terms of the hydrogen fuel cell line, China's hydrogen fuel cell commercial vehicles are also at the world's leading level, and passenger cars do have a gap, but this is also related to the strategic focus of China's electric vehicles."

“China’s pure electric vehicles are in the leading position in the world, both in the market and in technology. From the perspective of energy strategy transformation and traffic rationality, it is the right choice to adhere to pure electric power for development.” Ouyang Ming Gao said that we do not have to throw away the advantages of the industry and change the route, let alone denying ourselves with a certain leading technology that others show.

Fuel cell industrialization as a whole lags behind pure electric for more than 5 years?

The technical route of China's new energy vehicles, after many years of summary, established a pure electric drive strategy in 2012. As one of the main technology paths for new energy vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have all been identified for major development in the Outline of National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy, “Made in China 2025” and “Mid-term and Long Term Development Plan for the Automotive Industry”.

“From the perspective of the new energy vehicle's technology roadmap, the application schedule and road map for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are at least five years or more later than pure electric vehicles.” Qiu Junjun, editor-in-chief of the “Electric Vehicle Observer”, told reporters that unlike At present, the sales of pure electric vehicles are hot, and China's hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are expected to begin large-scale commercial application around 2020.

Japan’s Toyota’s hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were able to get an opportunity to be presented in front of the Prime Minister. Ouyang Minggao believed that it was because as a car power country, Japan spent 20 years investing in them, and it was a matter of course.

"The most advanced hydrogen fuel cell stack energy density has reached 3 kilowatts / liter; general fuel cell bus battery life can reach 10,000 to 20,000 hours, passenger cars reached 4000 to 5000 hours; catalyst used platinum, also From the original 1 kW to 1 g to just below 0.2 gram, the fuel cell cost has been greatly reduced.” Qiu Junjun summarized the progress of hydrogen fuel cell technology.

Referring to the application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, Ouyang Minggao explained to reporters that there is no gap between Toyota’s technology and industrialization level of fuel cell commercial vehicles and Toyota. On the contrary, regardless of the mileage, hydrogen consumption per 100 kilometers, or price, China's fuel electric vehicles have advantages over Toyota vehicles.

In fact, in April last year, five Futian Ouhui fuel cell buses were commercialized in the Shangzhuang district of Haidian, Beijing. Since then, more than 300 sets of two types of fuel cell buses have been delivered in 2017. Some media claimed that compared to other brands of fuel cell buses, “repeatedly” with dozens or dozens of so-called “commercial operations”, the delivery contract for more than 300 models of Beiqi Foton's fuel cell buses was said. The world's first commercial-operated fuel cell bus project.

According to related plans, in 2020, the demonstration scale of China's fuel cell vehicles will reach 5,000 to 10,000 vehicles, commercial vehicles will dominate and over 100 hydrogen stations will be installed. In 2030, a total of 1 million fuel cell vehicles were promoted and over 1,000 hydrogen stations were installed.

Passenger cars within 500 km of driving range

Hydrogen fuel cells have no advantage over lithium-ion batteries

“In the field of passenger vehicles, there is indeed a major breakthrough in fuel cell technology, but the related upstream industrial chain – hydrogen fuel technology is still not ideal.” Ouyang Minggao frankly, advanced passenger car fuel cell technology still Faced with the bottleneck of hydrogen technology. For example, the cost of hydrogen bottles for vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage is still very high. A hydrogen bottle for passenger cars that store one kilogram of hydrogen needs about US$1,000. Hydrogen needs a lot of pressure to compress. The hydrogen bottle pressure can reach 700 atmospheres. Therefore, the bottle must be light and strong. The combination of aluminum alloys and high-strength carbon fiber materials has resulted in high hydrogen bottle costs.

Apart from hydrogen bottles, hydrogen production, transportation, storage, and the cost and efficiency of hydrogen refueling stations are also reasons why hydrogen fuel cells cannot be rapidly applied.

The density of hydrogen is small. To store enough hydrogen fuel requires more advanced containers and media. The medium-pressure deep-cooled compressed hydrogen technology with a hydrogen bottle pressure of 35 MPa and a critical temperature of 40K is considered to be an ideal method for hydrogen storage, which can ensure high hydrogen storage density without too much energy loss. "It is expected that the ideal state of hydrogen storage can be achieved by 2025, when the cost of hydrogen is expected to drop to 40 yuan/kg," Ouyang Minggao said.

"Even if the target is achieved, the fuel cell passenger car will still have no advantage compared with the pure electric passenger car within 500 kilometers of the driving range." Ouyang Minggao calculated an account for the reporter and the pure electric car traveled 100 kilometers and consumed. 20-kilowatt, the use of renewable energy power generation price of the valley, the road charging station 2 yuan per kWh, 100 km consumption 40 yuan, and hydrogen fuel prices flat. However, for a pure electric vehicle, the fuel cost of 40 yuan per hundred kilometers is a relatively high consumption, and the 40 yuan of hydrogen fuel has not been considered for long-distance transportation. It is a relatively low measure. Therefore, “The electricity fee must be lower than the cost of hydrogen fuel, and The smaller the car, the fewer the number of trips, the shorter the one-way trip, the less advantage the hydrogen fuel cell passenger car has." The advantages of hydrogen fuel cells must be applied to long-distance large commercial vehicles and other large mobile and stationary power generation devices. That is, fuel cells are more suitable for replacing diesel engines than gasoline engines.

In view of the fact that hydrogen refueling stations are not keeping up with the development of vehicles, Li Jin, head of the Yutong Bus Public Transport New Energy Department, suggested that a “combination of refueling, hydrogenation, and refueling can be established.” Larger venues are needed to meet the safety clearance requirements for hydrogen refuelling sites. Demonstration projects should occur before 2020."

Microgrids are more inseparable from pure electric vehicles

Pure electric is the mainstream of new energy passenger vehicles in China, and fuel cell vehicles are unlikely to replace pure electric vehicles. Ouyang Minggao stated that we have a large number of pure electric technology accumulations and advantages from the passenger cars that travel short distances between cities, to long-distance high-speed rails that transport passengers, to rural two-wheeled vehicles and tricycles. Pure electric should also be the mainstream solution.

Mentioned the relationship between the two, Ouyang Ming Gao said that the most likely is the coexistence of the two, "at least until 2030, the field of passenger cars may be more dominant in pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles in the commercial vehicle sector will be more."

“In the past few years, our photovoltaic power generation has grown very fast. No matter whether it is technology, industry or application, it has a dominant position in the world. This is also a very concrete manifestation of China’s strengths. In particular, photovoltaic industry and new energy vehicles can The combination of industries constitutes a larger industry,” said Ouyang Minggao.

“Now the power used by our new energy vehicles may be coal. From the perspective of energy strategic transformation, the future will account for a larger proportion of photovoltaic power generation, and even use photovoltaic power generation.” Ouyang Minggao told reporters that photovoltaic needs new energy vehicles. Energy storage, and new energy vehicles also need clean renewable energy.

Distributed photovoltaic, energy storage batteries, hydrogen fuels, pure electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will form an independent micro-grid hydrogen-electric energy system connected by an energy internet. When connecting to a large power grid, it is sufficient to store the energy in the battery. Without connection to the large power grid, the fuel cell is required as a backup power source.

"Anyway, the future transportation system, intelligent system, and renewable energy are inseparable from pure electric vehicles. Through the energy Internet, electric vehicles are both energy-using terminals and energy sources, and this idea will be in 2030. Basically formed in 2035." Ouyang Minggao said.

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